Introduction
Airborne microbes are biological airborne contaminants (also known as bioaerosols) like bacteria, viruses or fungi as well as airborne toxins passed from one victim to the next through the air, without physical contact, causing irritation at the very least.
Airborne particles are a major cause of respiratory ailments of humans, causing allergies, asthma, and pathogenic infections of the respiratory tract. Airborne fungal spores are also important agents of plant disease, and the means for dissemination of many common saprotrophic (saprophytic) fungi.
The body’s resident microbiota are just that — residents. These species are life-long members of the body's normal microbial community, but are not found everywhere. There are many areas of the human body that remain axenic, and, in the absence of disease, are never colonized by normal flora. Axenic areas include the body cavity, lungs, central nervous system, circulatory system and upper urogenital regions.
Airborne microorganisms usually categorized into two groups .One are airborne microorganisms which act as residents or normal micro flora which mostly are non-pathogenic .Resident microbiota typically colonize the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, digestive tract, upper respiratory system and distal portion of the urogenital system. These microbes have a commensal relationship with their host, meaning that they do not cause harm while they benefit from feeding on the cellular waste and dead cells of the host's body.
Another group of airborne microorganisms is called transient microorganisms . Transient microbes are just passing through. Although they may attempt to colonize the same areas of the body as do resident microbiota, transients are unable to remain in the body for extended periods of time due to competition from resident microbes, elimination by the body’s immune system and also physical or chemical changes within the body that discourage the growth of transient microbes.
Under normal conditions, resident and transient microbes cause the host no harm. However, if the opportunity arises, some of these microbes are able to cause disease and become opportunistic pathogens. This can happen due to a number of different conditions:
- When the immune system isn’t working properly, normal flora can overpopulate or move into areas of the body where they do not normally occur.
- When the balance of normal microbes is disrupted, for example when a person takes broad spectrum antibiotics, microbes that are normally crowded out by resident microbes have an opportunity to take over. Tougher, antibiotic resistant bacteria, can get the upper hand.
- Disease can result when normal flora are traumatically introduced to an area of the body that is axenic or that they do not normally occur in. Invasive medical procedures that introduce catheters or surgical wounds can allow microbes into areas of the body that are normally sterile.
Objective
1.) To determine the microorganisms in the air and from healthy humans.
2.) To practice the correct pour plating technique.
3.) To compare the differences between self made and commercial Nutrient Broth Agar.
Material and reagents
- Molten nutrient agar
- Sterile water
- Sterile petri dishes
- Sterile clinical swab
- Pipette and tips
Procedures
1.) The work bench is sterilised with 70% of ethanol.
2.) The sources of contamination are labelled on the back of the sterile petri dishes.
3.) The cap is removed and the neck of the Scott bottle is flamed over the flame of a
Bunsen burner to sterilize it.
4.) The lid of the petri dish is opened as little as possible by holding it up at an angle,
then the molten agar is poured slowly into the sterile petri dish.
5.) The lid of the petri dish is replaced immediately.
6.) The neck of the Scott bottle is flamed over the flame again and is recap.
7.) The petri dishes are allowed to settle down until they are set.
All the five sources of contamination (air, hands, ear, normal breathing and violent
coughing) must be done near the Bunsen Burner.
Air:
1.) The prepared molten agar is poured into the steriled petri dish and let it to cool down.
2.) The lid is removed from the plate and is left to rest on the side of the plate, facing
down.
3.) The plate is left to exposed for about 5 minutes.
4.) The lid is replaced and is incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
Hands:
1.) The hand is washed using steriled water.
2.) An automatic pipette is used to transfer 1 ml of wash water to the petri dish.
3.) The molten agar is added into the petri dish.
4.) The lid of the petri dish is replaced and the dish is rotated slowly until the wash
water was thoroughly mixed with the molten agar.
5.) The dish is inverted and is incubated after the agar has been set.
Ear:
1.) The molten agar is poured into the steriled petri diah and is allowed it to cool down.
2.) Using extreme care, a sterile swab moistened with sterile isotonic solution is rubbed
into ear and the swab is used to inoculate the labeled plate.
3.) The inoculum is distributed as in the streak method.
4.) The dish is incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
Normal breathing:
1.) The molten agar is poured into the steriled petri diah and is allowed it to cool down.
2.) The lid is removed and the plate is held about 15cm from your mouth and breathe
normally but directly onto the plate for 1 minute. The lid is replaced.
3.) The dish is incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
Violet coughing:
1.) The molten agar is poured into the steriled petri diah and is allowed it to cool down.
2.) The lid is removed and the plate is held about 15 cm from your mouth and cough
violently onto the agar. The lid is replaced.
3.) The dish is incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.
After all the agar has been set, the dish is inverted and is incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours.
Result and observations:
Samples
from Air:
(a)
Self-made Nutrient Broth Agar
Size: 1.2 -
3.5cm (irregular), 0.2 – 0.89cm (circular)
Colour:
White, Blond, Peach, Pale Yellow and Orange
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
✓
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
✓
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
|||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(b)
Commercial Agar
Size: 0.87 -
3.0 cm (irregular), 1 – 1.5 cm (circular)
Colour: White,
Pale Yellow, Peach, Light Brown
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
✓
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
✓
|
|||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
✓
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
|||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(Figure 1: Sample from
air. Left: Self-made NBA; Right: Commercial NBA)
Sample from
Hands
(a)
Self-made Nutrient Broth Agar
Size: around 1 cm (irregular) and 0.8 cm
for circular
Colour:
White, Blond and Transparent
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
Shiny
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
||
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(b)
Commercial Agar
Size: Around 1cm (irregular) and 0.8 cm for circular
Colour: White, Blond and Transparent
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
Shiny
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
||
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(Figure 2: Sample from
hands. Left: Self-made NBA; Right: Commercial NBA)
Samples from Ears
(a)
Self-made Nutrient Broth Agar
Size: 0.1 –
0.2 cm (Circular)
Colour:
Peach, Pale Yellow, Yellow
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
Rough
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|||
Irregular
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
✓
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
||
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(b)
Commercial Agar
Size: 0.5–
1 cm (Circular), 3cm (irregular)
Colour:
Peach, Pale Yellow, White
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
|
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(Figure 3: Sample from
ear. Left: Self-made NBA; Right: Commercial NBA)
Samples from Normal Breathing
(a)
Self-made Nutrient Broth Agar
Size: 1cm
-5cm (irregular), 0.3 - 0.5cm (circular)
Colour: Blond
and Peach
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
✓
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
✓
|
|||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(b)
Commercial Agar
Size: - (no
colony observed)
Colour: -
(no colony observed)
(Figure 4: Sample from
normal breathing. Left: Self-made NBA; Right: Commercial NBA)
Sample from Violent Coughing
(a)
Self-made Nutrient Broth Agar
Size: 0.4 – 0.8 cm (circular)
Colour: White, Pale Yellow, Peach, Light Brown
Form
|
Elevation
|
Surface
|
Texture
|
Margin
|
|||||
Circular
|
✓
|
Flat
|
✓
|
Rough
|
✓
|
Dry
|
Entire
|
✓
|
|
Irregular
|
✓
|
Raised
|
✓
|
Shiny
|
✓
|
Moist
|
✓
|
Undulate
|
✓
|
Filamentous
|
Umbonate
|
Mucoid
|
Lobate
|
||||||
Rhizoid
|
Convex
|
Brittle
|
Curled
|
||||||
Pulvinate
|
Viscous
|
Filiform
|
|||||||
Crateriform
|
(b)
Commercial Agar
Size: - (no colony observed)
Colour: - (no colony observed)
(Figure 5: Sample from violent coughing. Left:
Self-made NBA; Right: Commercial NBA)
Discussion
There are different types of microorganism that produces colony with different appearance. These appearance is known as “colony morphology”. These colonies has several aspects of morphology. The aspects are form, elevation, size, surface, texture, colour and margin.
In this experiment, all these aspects are studied. The differences between self made and commercial agar are compared and contrasted based on the morphology of the colonies.
The measurement are taken by placing the ruler underneath the plate and the diameter or width of the colonies are taken.
(A) Air
1. There are 3 types of colonies in self made Nutrient Broth Agar (NBA) and 2 types of colonies in commercial Nutrient Broth.
2. On the surface of self made agar, there are large flat irregular colonies that is moist and opaque with size from 1.2 cm to 2.0 cm. There are also small round white colonies that are raised with shiny surface with size of about 2 mm. The third type of colony are small, round and pale yellow colony with raised elevation, opaque and size of 1 mm.
3. On the commercial nutrient broth, there are large irregular culture with size of 1.0 cm to 1.5 cm that are moist and opaque in colour. There are also small round white colonies (2 mm to 4 mm) with raised elevation and opaque in colour.
4. All colonies of irregular form has undulated margin while round colonies has entire margin.
5. Generally the colonies are distributed uniformly and similarly between both self made agar and commercial agar. The colonies have similar morphology between both agar plate. There is no much differences between the colonies in self made and commercial agar.
(B) Hand
1. There are 2 types of colonies appear on both self made and commercial agar.
2. Both plates show 2 similar colonies: One of them are large, irregular, flat and dull colonies with are moist in texture and size of 1.0 cm. The other are round, large, flat and dull colonies which are opaque in colour and size of 8 mm. All colonies of irregular form has undulated margin while round colonies has entire margin.
3. Generally the colonies in both plate are similar in distribution and morphology. This means that there are no differences between self made and commercial based agar.
4. Both plate show a heavy distribution of colonies which suggest that there are large amount of microorganism exist on human hand.
(C ) Ear
1. There are only one type of colony identifiable in both self made and commercial agar.
2. On the surface of self made agar there are small, round, opaque, white colonies with raised elevation and size of 1 mm to 2 mm. On the other hand, the commercial agar contains small, round, white colonies that are moist and entire margin.
3. The culture in the commercial agar plate shows poor distribution due to poor streaking technique and too much microorganism in the ear.
4. Generally not much colonies can be obtained and isolated from ear sample. But those colonies isolated shows no big differences between the self made and commercial nutrient broth agar.
(D) Normal Breathing
1. There are 2 type of colonies isolated from self made agar but no colonies can be found in commercial agar plate.
2. The 2 colonies isolated are: Large, moist, irregular, flat colonies with translucent to opaque colour with size of 1.0 cm with undulated margin. The other colonies are small rounded, opaque and off-white colonies with size of 5 mm.
3. There are also one particularly large colony that are flat, white, translucent and undulated margin with size of 4.5 cm. It is moist in texture.
4. There are no colonies formed in second plate. This is because of too little microorganism in the sample.
(E) Violent Coughing
1. There are 3 types of colonies in self made agar but no colonies in commercial agar.
2. The colonies are: Small, round, shiny, opaque and white colonies with flat elevation and entire mar
gin with size of 3 mm to 7 mm. There are also small, round, white, shiny peach-coloured opaque colonies with raised elevation size of 4 mm. The third colonies are small, shiny, opaque and yellow with raised elevation and size between 1 mm to 3 mm.
3. The main reason of no colonies found in second plate is because the sample is taken from the same person as the first plate. Almost all the pathogen has entered the first plate.
Conclusion
It is important to practice correct technique in identifying the microorganism in the environment and healthy human body. It is also very important to learn how to practice correct pour plating and streak technique to isolate the colonies. Generally there are no much different colonies between all the samples which suggest that the microorganism exist in environment is similar to those exist on human body. Despite with 2 plates that do not show the colonies, the remaining plates suggested that there are no significant differences between the self made and commercial nutrient broth agar. Both self made and commercial agar are compatible with various common microorganism.
References
Colony Morphology Picture:
http://futurescienceleaders.org/spontaneousscience/files/2013/04/colony-morphology-and-descriptive-terms.gif
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